高考英语语法强化训练专项九 动词

（九）动词与动词短语
一．动词的分类： 及物动词 不及物动词 行为动词 状态动词 （实义动词） 动作动词 动词 表示人或事物的特征或状态 连系动词 助动词 情态动词 表示状态的变化 表示某种状态的延续或持续 do, does, did, have, has… can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare… tell, ask, learn, leave… go, work, come, rise, wait, agree… belong, contain, exist, like, love, own, prefer… 延续性动词(持续动词) 非延续性动词(瞬间动 词) work, stay, keep… arrive, finish, open, start, come…

appear, be, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste… become, come, go, get, grow, turn, fall… continue, keep, remain…

二．动词的基本形式： （一）第三人称单数： 构成 一般情况下在动词后加-s 以 s, x, z, sh, ch, o 结尾的动词后加-es 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词将 y 改为 i 加-es 个别不规则变化 （二）过去式和过去分词的构成： 构成 一般情况下在动词后加-ed 以 e 结尾的动词后只加-d 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词将 y 改为 i 加-ed 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字 母的动词双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed 注：不规则变化的需逐个记忆。 (三)现在分词的构成： 构成 一般情况下在动词后加-ing 以不发音-e 结尾的去掉 e 再加-ing 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字 母的动词双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing 以 ie 结尾的将 ie 改为 y 再加-ing smiling, moving stopping, referring, preferring dying, lying 例词 working, waiting, sleeping worked, stayed, shouted closed, liked, lived studied, carries stopped, referred, preferred 例词 works，reads goes, catches, finishes studies, flies have---has, be---is 例词

注：以字母 l 结尾的动词，若末尾一个音节重读，则须双写 l 再加-ed/-ing; 若末尾一个音节不重读， 则可 双写 l 也可不双写： control---controlled/controlling travel---travelled (traveled)/travelling(traveling) 三．动词的用法： （一）实义动词： 1. 及物动词： ①及物动词后可直接跟名词，代词，数词，动名词等作宾语。 ---I got three apples. （数词作宾语） ---We avoided talking about him. (动名词作宾语) ②动词后跟双宾语：
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a. 有些动词后可跟双宾语，直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物，间接宾语为涉及的人，如： ---Can you lend me your bike? (your bike 为直接宾语，me 为间接宾语) b. 间接宾语有时可放在直接宾语后，但要用介词 to 或 for 与直接宾语隔开，如： ---Can you lend your bike to me? ---My parents bought a new bike for me. c. 有些动词的间接宾语只能放在直接宾语前，不能接 to 或 for，这类动词主要有：allow, ask, charge, cost, forgive, promise, refuse, cause. ---He asked me a lot of questions. ③有些动词只能用“动词+物+to+人”结构，不能用双宾语，常见动词：declare, explain, announce, report, introduce, say, suggest 等。 ---He explained the meaning to us. ④一些动词如 tell, say, order 等常接从句作宾语。 ---She said that she was going to study French. ---I hope that I can receive your letter soon. 2. 不及物动词： ①不及物动词一般不加宾语: ---I won’t wait. ②常见的不及物动词有：cry, die, fall, happen, occur, lie, rise, sleep, wait, agree, vary ③部分不及物动词可与介词连用，此时后面可接宾语，如：belong to, lead to, listen to, refer to, rely on, result in, think of, insist on? ---We should rely on ourselves. ---Listen to the teacher carefully. 3. 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词的动词： add, aim, beat, call, change, cheat, count, draw, dress, drive, escape, exercise, fit, fly, follow, hang, head, hold, hurt, lead, lose, manage, meet, mind, miss, move, pass, play, point, run, shoot, show, spread, stand, study, touch, win 等。 4. 持续动词与瞬间动词： 持续动词可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而瞬间动词不可以；但瞬间动词的否定式表示该动作没有 发生，可看做一种持续的状态，可与段时间连用。 ---They have watched the film for one hour. (正确) ---How long have you joined the army? (错误)（join 为瞬间动词，可将 joined 改为 been in） ---I received the letter yesterday. (正确) ---I haven’t received his letter for almost two months. (正确)（not receive 表示没有收到，是一种持续的状态） （二）助动词： 助动词无实际意义，只是帮助实义动词构成谓语，表示时态，语态，语气或构成疑问句及否定句。助动词 必须和主语保持人称和数的一致。 英语中的助动词主要有： be (is, am, are, was, were, been) have (has, had) do (does, did) 情态动词 ---She doesn’t know my mother. ---Did he get up early this morning? ---I have been to the Great Wall three times. ---I will take exercise this evening. 四．易混淆动词辨析：
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1. provide, supply, offer 提供… provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. supply sb. with sth. = supply sth. to sb. offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 2. attend, join, join in/take part in/participate in 参加 attend: 参加，出席（不发挥主体作用） join: 加入到某人或某个组织成为其成员 (join sb./the Party/ the army/ the club…) join in/take part in/participate in: 参加（发挥主体作用） 3. damage, destroy, ruin damage: 破坏，损坏（可修复） ；损害健康，名声 n. do/cause damage to… n. be in ruins 成为废墟 destroy: 摧毁（不可修复） （瞬间） ；粉碎希望，计划，名誉 ruin: 摧毁（不可修复） （长期） ；毁坏健康，前途，自己 4. build, found, establish, set up build: 建造（建筑物）或表抽象概念（~ a business/career/future…） found: 建立组织，机构等或开创，奠基（迈出第一步） a country） （~ establish: 建立公司，组织，机构等或表抽象概念或表建立联系（~ a relationship with sb.） set up: 建立组织，公司，制度等 5. injure, hurt, wound injure: 意外事故中受伤（常指使人丧失某种能力）---His legs were injured in the accident. hurt: 肉体疼痛或受伤（小伤）或感情受伤 wound: 刀伤，枪伤等 6. contain, include contain: 包含（整体） ；含有某种成分 include: 包含（部分） 7. cost, spend, take, pay cost: （主语是物）sth. cost sb.+金钱 ---The jacket cost me 100 dollars. take: 常用句型：It takes sb.+金钱/时间+ to do sth. ---It took me three hours to repair the radio. spend: (主语是人) sb. spend +金钱/时间+ on sth./in doing sth. ---I spent three hours in repairing the radio. pay: （主语是人）sb. pay +金钱+for sth. ---I paid 100 dollars for the jacket. 8. ★需要重点掌握的由以下动词构成的动词短语：come, call, carry, care, keep, hold, put, turn, turn, set, make, give, pick, hand, look, break, bring, take, leave, let 等。 ---His words hurt her feelings. ---The soldier was badly wounded in the head.

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